Research has shown that stress and anxiety affect nicotine tolerance and dependence. The stress hormone corticosterone reduces the effects of nicotine; therefore, more nicotine must be consumed to achieve the same effect. This increases tolerance to nicotine and leads to increased dependence. Studies in animals have also shown that stress can directly cause relapse to nicotine self-administration after a period of abstinence.
Other studies have shown that animals cannot discriminate between the effects of nicotine and the effects of ........ Studies have also shown that nicotine self-administration sensitizes animals to self-administer ....... more readily.
Cigarettes and Other Nicotine Products
Other studies have shown that animals cannot discriminate between the effects of nicotine and the effects of ........ Studies have also shown that nicotine self-administration sensitizes animals to self-administer ....... more readily.
Cigarettes and Other Nicotine Products